Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is one of the most common cancers globally, seriously endangering people health. Vitamin D was significantly associated with tumor progression and patients' prognosis. Integrative 10 machine learning algorithms were used to develop a Vitamin D-related signature (VRS) with one training cohort and 3 testing cohorts. The performance of VRS in predicting the immunology response was verified using several predicting approaches. The optimal VRS was constructed by stepCoxâ +â superPC algorithm. VRS acted as a risk factor for HCC patients. HCC patients with high-risk score had a poor clinical outcome and the AUCs of 1-, 3-, and 5-year ROC were 0.786, 0.755, and 0.786, respectively. A higher level of CD8â +â cytotoxic T cells and B cells was obtained in HCC patients with low-risk score. There is higher PD1&CTLA4 immunophenoscore and TMB score in low-risk score in HCC patients. Lower TIDE score and tumor escape score was found in HCC cases with low-risk score. The IC50 value of camptothecin, docetaxel, crizotinib, dasatinib, and erlotinib was lower in HCC cases with high-risk score. HCC patients with high-risk score had a higher score of cancer-related hallmarks, including angiogenesis, glycolysis, and NOTCH signaling. Our study proposed a novel VRS for HCC, which served as an indicator for predicting clinical outcome and immunotherapy responses in HCC.
Carcinoma, Hepatocellular , Immunotherapy , Liver Neoplasms , Vitamin D , Humans , Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/immunology , Liver Neoplasms/immunology , Vitamin D/therapeutic use , Male , Immunotherapy/methods , Prognosis , Female , Middle Aged , Machine Learning , Risk Factors , Biomarkers, Tumor
Clarifying load transfer mechanism and the influence of the widening of a newly-built railway is the premise for the construction of adjacent project in loess region. This paper uses monitoring datas obtained from three sections in different stages to analyze the distribution laws of load exert on piles and soil between piles, investigates the variation laws of filling height on the earth pressure at different excavation steps and elucidates the influence of the filling height of newly built subgrade on the existing subgrade. In addition, a fitting formula y = a(1-e-bx) + cx is proposed to describe the relationship between the ratio of the additional displacement to the filling height, which is applicable for similar projects.
BACKGROUND: Large language models (LLMs) have garnered significant attention in the AI domain owing to their exemplary context recognition and response capabilities. However, the potential of LLMs in specific clinical scenarios, particularly in breast cancer diagnosis, treatment, and care, has not been fully explored. This study aimed to compare the performances of three major LLMs in the clinical context of breast cancer. METHODS: In this study, clinical scenarios designed specifically for breast cancer were segmented into five pivotal domains (nine cases): assessment and diagnosis, treatment decision-making, postoperative care, psychosocial support, and prognosis and rehabilitation. The LLMs were used to generate feedback for various queries related to these domains. For each scenario, a panel of five breast cancer specialists, each with over a decade of experience, evaluated the feedback from LLMs. They assessed feedback concerning LLMs in terms of their quality, relevance, and applicability. RESULTS: There was a moderate level of agreement among the raters (Fleiss' kappa=0.345, P<0.05). Comparing the performance of different models regarding response length, GPT-4.0 and GPT-3.5 provided relatively longer feedback than Claude2. Furthermore, across the nine case analyses, GPT-4.0 significantly outperformed the other two models in average quality, relevance, and applicability. Within the five clinical areas, GPT-4.0 markedly surpassed GPT-3.5 in the quality of the other four areas and scored higher than Claude2 in tasks related to psychosocial support and treatment decision-making. CONCLUSION: This study revealed that in the realm of clinical applications for breast cancer, GPT-4.0 showcases not only superiority in terms of quality and relevance but also demonstrates exceptional capability in applicability, especially when compared to GPT-3.5. Relative to Claude2, GPT-4.0 holds advantages in specific domains. With the expanding use of LLMs in the clinical field, ongoing optimization and rigorous accuracy assessments are paramount.
Breast Neoplasms , Humans , Female , Clinical Decision-Making , Language
Objectives: The aims to investigate the mediating effect of intertemporal decision-making on the association between personality traits and self-management among individuals with in Type 2 Diabetes (T2DM). Method: Patients with T2DM in the early stages of hospitalization at two tertiary hospitals in Shenyang and Jinzhou, Liaoning Province, May 2022 to January 2023. Questionnaires, including General Demographic, Self-Management, Big Five Personality, and Intertemporal Decision-Making, were administered. Pearson correlation analysis examined relationships between personality traits, intertemporal decision-making, and self-management. Hierarchical regression analysis identified self-management predictors. Mediation analysis used the PROCESS SPSS Macro version 3.3 model 4 to investigate intertemporal decision-making as mediator between personality traits and self-management. Results: Pearson correlation analysis revealed significant associations between self-management scores, personality traits, and intertemporal decision-making. Hierarchical regression revealed that Neuroticism and Conscientiousness accounted for 20.8% of the variance in self-management, while intertemporal decision-making explained 4.5% of the variance. Finally, using the Bootstrap method, the mediation analysis showed that intertemporal decision-making partially mediated the effect of personality traits on self-management. Conclusion: This study emphasizes the importance of intertemporal decision-making in improving self-management behaviors among patients with T2DM. Interventions targeted at modifying intertemporal decision-making preferences could be effective in enhancing self-management behaviors, leading to better health outcomes.
Nano-scale crystal defects extremely affect the security and reliability of the explosive charges of weapons. In order to understand the evolution of nano-scale defects of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitro-2,4,6,8,10,12-hexaaza-isowurtzitane (CL-20) explosive crystals under thermal treatments, the specific surface, volume fraction and size distribution of the nano-scale defects were studied by using Wide Angle X-ray Scattering (WAXS) and Small Angle X-ray Scattering (SAXS) during the temperature range from 30 °C to 200 °C. The results showed that the number and size of the pores in CL-20 powder did not change significantly during the heating process before phase transformation (30-160 °C). At 170 °C, CL-20 began to convert from ε- to γ- phase, and the specific surface and volume fraction of the nano-scale defects increased significantly. Further investigation of the pore size distribution showed that the number of pores with a small size (radius 9-21 nm) changed particularly significantly, resulting from the cracking of the CL-20 crystal powder during phase transition. At 200 °C, the phase transition was completed and γ-CL-20 was created, and the small-sized pores gradually grew into medium-sized (radius 21-52 nm) pores over time when the temperature was fixed at 200 °C.
Nano-scale crystal defects extremely affect the security and reliability of explosive charges of weapons. In this work, the nano-scale crystal defects of 1,3,5-trinitro-1,3,5-triazacyclohexane (RDX) and octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) single crystals were characterized by two-dimension SAXS. Deducing from the changes of SAXS pattern with sample stage rotating, we firstly found the parallel lamellar nano-scale defects in both RDX and HMX single crystals. Further analysis shows that the average diameter and thickness of nano-scale lamellar defects for RDX single crystal are 66.4 nm and 19.3 nm, respectively. The results of X-ray diffraction (XRD) indicate that the lamellar nano-scale defects distribute along the (001) in RDX and the (011) in HMX, which are verified to be the crystal planes with the lowest binding energy by the theoretical calculation.
The host-guest inclusion strategy has become a promising method for developing novel high-energy density materials (HEDMs). The selection of functional guest molecules was a strategic project, as it can not only enhance the detonation performance of host explosives but can also modify some of their suboptimal performances. Here, to improve the propulsion and combustion performances of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (HNIW), a novel energetic-energetic host-guest inclusion explosive was obtained by incorporating energetic rocket fuel, hydroxylamine (HA), into the lattice cavities of HNIW. Based on their perfect space matching, the crystallographic density of HNIW-HA was determined to be 2.00 g/cm3 at 296 K, which has reached the gold standard regarding the density of HEDMs. HNIW-HA also showed higher thermal stability (Td = 245.9 °C) and safety (H50 = 16.8 cm) and superior detonation velocity (DV = 9674 m/s) than the ε-HNIW. Additionally, because of the excellent combustion performance of HA, HNIW-HA possessed higher propulsion performances, including combustion speed (SC = 39.5 mg/s), combustion heat (QC = 8661 J/g), and specific impulse (Isp = 276.4 s), than ε-HNIW. Thus, the host-guest inclusion strategy has potential to surpass the limitations of energy density and suboptimal performances of single explosives and become a strategy for developing multipurpose intermolecular explosives.
Plate-like ß-HMX crystals are grown in the hydroxylated interlayer space using a crystallization technique combining the cooling crystallization and solvent-antisolvent methods. The obtained crystals have been investigated by X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and atomic force microscopy (AFM). The experimental results indicate that the most morphologically important face of the plate-like ß-HMX crystals is the (011) face adopting a layer-by-layer growth mode. Meanwhile, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to study the crystal morphology in HMX crystal growth in the hydroxylated interlayer space based on a modified attachment energy (MAE) model. The calculated results show that the major face is the (011) face and the interaction energies between the crystal face and the hydroxylated interlayer are in the order of (011) > (110) > (020), which agree well with the experimental results above.
Laser initiation is a popular research topic in the energetic community. Particularly, the direct ignition of secondary explosives by laser ignitors is considered to be an advanced strategy for enhancing safety and promoting the miniaturization of weapons. Here, to improve the laser sensitivity of secondary explosives, P-CO synthesized under high pressure was employed as a coating for HNIW owing to its laser sensitivity and excellent energetic properties. In this operation, HNIW underwent an obvious isostructural phase transition from the ε-phase to the γ'-phase in the pressure range of 1.0-4.8 GPa. Subsequently, sub-nanoscale HNIW-based composites were formed when CO in situ polymerized to P-CO on the surfaces of HNIW at 5.1 GPa. This HNIW-based composite could be ignited at a much lower laser power (0.49-0.65 W) compared with pure HNIW (2.75-2.98 W) when excited by an Nd:YAG laser with a wavelength of 1064 nm. Additionally, the DFT calculations demonstrated that the arrangement density between HNIW and P-CO was significantly enhanced as the pressure increased. Thus, the introduction of advanced materials into explosive formulations through high-pressure technology is a novel and feasible strategy for developing multipurpose energetic materials.
CL-20-based host-guest complexes are promising energetic materials, which are prepared by embedding small molecules into the crystal lattice cavity of anhydrous CL-20. The structure, interaction, stability, and detonation performance of a series of host-guest complexes were investigated by the combination method of density functional theory and experiment. Both the crystal structure of α-CL-20/H2O and α-CL-20/N2O revealed by powder X-ray diffraction and the thermal stability order of α-CL-20/N2O, α-CL-20/CO2, α-CL-20/H2O, and α-CL-20/H2O2 measured using a differential scanning calorimeter show excellent accordance between experimental results and simulative predication. Thus, the reliability of the calculation method can be judged by the result of this comparison. The stability of different host-guest structures was compared under vacuum, and the influence of intermolecular interactions on the structural stability was discussed. In view of the various factors affecting the performance of high-energy explosives, such as detonation performance, thermal stability, and density, we conclude that α-CL-20/O3 could be regarded as a potential target high-energetic compound. On the basis of the above results, this calculation method can provide a theoretical basis for the preparation of CL-20-based host-guest energetic compounds.
Small-angle X-ray scattering (SAXS) is an effective method to obtain microstructural information of materials. However, due to the influence of crystal surface effects, SAXS has a deviation in the characterization of the crystal microstructure. In order to solve the influence of crystal surface effect on the internal defect signal, the microstructure of Octahydro-1,3,5,7-tetranitro-1,3,5,7-tetrazocine (HMX) crystal was characterized by soaking the sample in the matching solution. We found that the absolute scattering intensity, specific surface and volume fraction of the sample in the matching solution are significantly lower than the initial sample, which solves the influence of the crystal surface effect on the test results. Comparing the scattering results of the samples in different electron density matching solutions, it was found that the best result was obtained when using GPL-107 perfluoropolyether (PFPE) matching solution and the same law was obtained by controlling the experiment with 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20) crystal. The fitting density was calculated according to the theoretical density and void volume fraction of the sample, and the calculated results are close to the test results of Particle Density Distribution Analyzer (PDDA). Based on this paper, we provide a method to obtain the correct information of crystal microstructure.
Azocines/chemistry , Scattering, Small Angle , X-Ray Diffraction , Crystallization , Particle Size , Solutions , Static Electricity
2,4,6,8,10,12-Hexanitrohexaazaisowurtzitane (CL-20)-based cocrystals have gained increasing attention as a means of obtaining insensitive high explosives. However, the design of ideal candidates for these cocrystals remains difficult. This work compares the crystal energies of the CL-20-dinitrobenzene (DNB) and CL-20-2,4,6-trinitrotoluene (TNT) cocrystals with those of the respective pure coformers. The results indicate that the cocrystal formation is driven by the differences in the energies of the cocrystals and the coformers. Furthermore, analysis via Hirshfeld surfaces and two-dimensional fingerprint plots confirms that the O...O, O...H, O...N and C...O interactions were the main force for stabilizing the CL-20-based cocrystal structure. Based on these findings, a novel energetic-energetic cocrystal of CL-20-2,4,6-trinitrophenol (TNP) was designed and prepared by means of a rapid method for solvent removal. The crystal structure was investigated via powder X-ray diffraction methods, solid-state nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy. The results revealed that the O-H...O hydrogen bonding interaction between the phenolic hydroxyl group of TNP and nitro groups of CL-20, as well as nitro...π, nitro...nitro and ONO2...π(N)NO2 interactions, based on the benzene ring and nitro groups, are the main interactions occurring in the cocrystal.
A promising strategy for the preparation of novel gas inclusion host-guest energetic materials was provided by incorporating powerful oxidizer N2O into the crystal lattice cavity of 2,4,6,8,10,12-hexanitrohexaazatetracyclododecane (HNIW). The HNIW/N2O complex crystal exhibits a surprisingly high crystallographic density (2.038 g cm-3 at 298 K), more thermal stability, better predicted detonation properties and lower sensitivity compared to ε-HNIW due to its enhanced packing density, improved oxidation effect and added heat-release after N2O insertion.
Inorganic CsPbI3 perovskites have shown promising potential for achieving all-inorganic photovoltaic (PV) devices. However, the black perovskite polymorph (α-phase) of CsPbI3 easily converts into yellow colour (δ-phase) in an ambient environment and it is only stable at high temperature (above 320 °C), which limits its practical application. Here we tailor the three-dimensional CsPbI3 perovskite into quasi-two-dimension through adding a large radius cation phenylethylammonium (PEA+). The incorporation of PEA+ into the CsPbI3 perovskite significantly improves the film morphology as well as the phase stability. An optimal CsxPEA1-xPbI3 perovskite film remains stable in the α-phase from room temperature to 250 °C in air and yields a power conversion efficiency of 5.7% for its solar device. The concept of using large radius cations in the 3D perovskite system provides a new perspective to further enhance the phase stability while retaining the device performance.
The aim of this study was to evaluate the associations between the rs3918396 G>A and rs528557 C>G polymorphisms in the disinterring and metalloproteinase domain 33 (ADAM33) gene and asthma risk. We searched CISCOM, CINAHL, Web of Science, PubMed, Google Scholar, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, and CBM databases from inception through August 1st, 2013 without language restrictions. Meta-analysis was performed using the STATA 12.0 software. Crude odds ratios (ORs) with their 95% confidence intervals (95% CI) were calculated. Thirteen case-control studies were included with a total of 7104 asthma patients and 8172 healthy controls. Our meta-analysis results revealed that ADAM33 rs528557 C>G polymorphism was associated with an increased risk of asthma (all p<0.05). However, we found no correlation between the ADAM33 rs3918396 G>A polymorphism and asthma risk (all p>0.05). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity indicated that the ADAM33 rs528557 C>G polymorphism might be strongly associated with an increased risk of asthma among both Caucasian and Asian populations (All p<0.05). No significant association was found between the ADAM33 rs3918396 G>A polymorphism and the risk of asthma among the studied ethnicities (All p>0.05). The present meta-analysis suggests that the ADAM33 rs528557 C>G polymorphism may contribute to susceptibility to asthma. Thus, the ADAM33 rs528557 C>G polymorphism may be utilized as a biomarker for early diagnosis of asthma.
ADAM Proteins/genetics , Asthma/genetics , Asthma/ethnology , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Humans , Risk Factors
Increasing scientific evidences suggest that aerobic exercise may improve cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer patients, but many existing studies have yielded inconclusive results. This meta-analysis aimed to derive a more precise estimation of the effects of aerobic exercise on cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy. The PubMed, CISCOM, CINAHL, Web of Science, Google Scholar, EBSCO, Cochrane Library, and CBM databases were searched from inception through July 1, 2013 without language restrictions. Crude standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95 % confidence interval (CI) was calculated. Twelve comparative studies were assessed with a total of 1,014 breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, including 522 patients in the aerobic exercise group (intervention group) and 492 patients in the usual care group (control group). The meta-analysis results revealed that the Revised Piper Fatigue Scale (RPFS) scores of breast cancer patients in the intervention group were significantly lower than those in the control group (SMD=-0.82, 95% CI=-1.04 â¼ -0.60, P<0.001). However, there was no significant difference in the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Treatment-Fatigue scale (FACIT-F) scores between the intervention and control groups (SMD=0.09, 95% CI=-0.07 â¼ 0.25, P=0.224). Subgroup analysis by ethnicity indicated that there were significant differences in RPFS and FACIT-F scores between the intervention and control groups among Asian populations (RPFS: SMD=-1.08, 95% CI=-1.35 â¼ -0.82, P<0.001; FACIT-F: SMD=1.20, 95 % CI=0.70 â¼1.71, P<0.001), but not among Caucasian populations (all P>0.05). The current meta-analysis indicates that aerobic exercise may improve cancer-related fatigue in breast cancer patients receiving chemotherapy, especially among Asian populations.
Antineoplastic Agents/adverse effects , Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy , Exercise , Fatigue/prevention & control , Asian People , Breast Neoplasms/complications , Breast Neoplasms/psychology , Case-Control Studies , Female , Humans , Publication Bias , Quality of Life
Vitamin D receptor (VDR) poly(A) is a common genetic polymorphism in the VDR gene, and it has been implicated to be associated with breast cancer risk. However, previous studies on the association reported inconclusive results. We performed this meta-analysis to comprehensively assess the association. Eligible studies were searched in PubMed and EMBASE databases. Odds ratio (OR) and its 95% confidence interval (95% CI) were used for statistical analysis. A total 6,631 cases and 6,718 controls from 11 case-control studies were finally included into the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis of total eligible studies showed that VDR poly(A) polymorphism was not associated with the risk of breast cancer (S versus L: OR = 0.99, 95% CI of 0.90-1.09, P = 0.84; SS versus LL: OR = 0.96, 95% CI of 0.79-1.18, P = 0.70; SS/LS versus LL: OR = 0.96, 95% CI of 0.83-1.12, P = 0.63; SS versus LL/LS: OR = 1.00, 95% CI of 0.91-1.10, P = 0.98). Meta-analysis of studies with high quality also showed that there was no association between VDR poly(A) polymorphism and breast cancer risk. In addition, in the subgroup analysis by ethnicity, no significant association was found among Caucasians. Therefore, the meta-analysis suggests that VDR poly(A) polymorphism is not associated with the risk of breast cancer. Large well-designed studies are necessary to clarify the possible association in Asians.
Breast Neoplasms/genetics , Genetic Association Studies , Poly A , Polymorphism, Single Nucleotide , Receptors, Calcitriol/genetics , Breast Neoplasms/ethnology , Case-Control Studies , Female , Genetic Predisposition to Disease , Genotype , Humans , Odds Ratio , Publication Bias , Risk
